| Year | Domestic Events | External Events |
|---|---|---|
| 753 BC | Legendary date for the foundation of Rome | |
| 575 BC | Approximate date for the unification of Rome into a city | |
| 510 BC | Traditional date of the explusion of Tarquin and establishment of the Republic | Probable date of the first treaty between Rome and Carthage |
| 508 BC | Traditional date of the Etruscan invasion under Lars Porsena | |
| 494 BC | Traditional date of the First Secession of the Plebeians | |
| 493 BC | First treaty between Rome and the Latins, drawn up by Sp. Cassius | |
| 474 BC | Defeat of the Etruscans by Syracuse | |
| 450 BC | The Twelve Tables | |
| 390 BC | Conquest of Rome by the Gauls | |
| 367 BC | Licinian Laws: (1) forbid large holdings of public land; (2) enact that one consul shall be a plebeian | |
| 351 BC | Conquest of South Etruria by Rome. Caere becomes the first ciuitas sine suffragio | |
| 348 BC | Treaty of commerce between Rome and Carthage | |
| 343 BC to 266 BC | Samnite wars, involving subjugation of the Latins and eventually of all Central Italy | |
| 321 BC | Great defeat of the Romans at the Claudine Pass | |
| 312 BC | Censorship of Appius Claudius including construction of Via Appia | |
| 281 to 275 BC | War with Tarentum with Pyrrhus involving conquest of South Italy | |
| 268 BC | First coinage of silver | |
| 264 to 241 BC | First Punic War, involving conquest of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica -- first transmarine provinces | |
| 264 BC | First gladiatorial games at Rome | |
| 240 BC | Livius Andronicus. Beginning of Roman literature | |
| 222 BC | Defeat of the Cisalpine Gauls | |
| 220 BC | Via Flaminia to Ariminum | |
| 218 to 201 BC | Second Punic War | |
| 218 BC | Lex Claudia forbids Senators to engage in commerce | |
| 216 BC | Roman severly defeated at Cannae | |
| 205 BC | Introduction of Phrygian worship of Magna Mater | |
| 202 BC | Victory of Scipio at Zama | |
| 201 BC | Peace with Carthage involving cession of Spain | |
| 200 to 194 BC | Second Macedonian War | |
| 196 BC | Flamininus proclaims the liberty of Greece | |
| 190 BC | Defeat of Antiochus the Great of Syria at Magnesia | |
| 186 BC | The Bacchanalian "conspiracy" | |
| 184 BC | Censorship of Cato the Elder. Death of Plautus. Basilica of Cato constructed. | |
| 171 to 168 BC | Third Macedonian War | |
| 167 BC | 1000 Greeks, including Polybius the historian brought to Italy as hostages | |
| 161 BC | Greek orators and philosophers expelled (vainly) | |
| 160 BC | Adelphi of Terence performed | |
| 148 BC | Macedonia becomes a province | |
| 146 BC | On destruction of Carthage, Africa becomes a province | |
| 146 BC | Great influx of Greek Art | Corinth destroyed |
| 133 BC | Tribunate and agrarian programme of Tiberius Grachus | Kingdom of Attalus bequeathed to Rome, becomes province of Asia |
| 123 BC | Tribunate and agrarian programme of Tiberius Gracchus. Establishment of the Equites as a political power | |
| 121 BC | Province of Gallia Narbonensis, formed by conquest of South Gaul | |
| 112 to 106 BC | War with Jugurtha; triumph of Marius | |
| 113 to 101 BC | Army reforms and political power of Marius | War with Cimbri and Teutons |
| 96 BC | Cyrene bequeathed to Rome | |
| 91 BC | War against the Italian allies (Social War) | |
| 88 BC | Conquest of Rome by Sulla, and restoration of the Senate | War with Mithridates of Pontus. Massacre of Romans |
| 87 BC | Revolution of Cinna and Marius with great massacre of nobles | |
| 82 BC | Return of Sulla and proscription of the democrats | Defeat of the Samnites at the Colline Gate of Rome |
| 81 BC | Sulla dicator. Cornelian Laws improve the judical system. Cicero's first speech | Cisalpine Gaul becomes a province |
| 74 BC | Bithynia bequeathed to Rome | |
| 73 BC | Insurrection of slaves under Spartacus | |
| 67 BC | Pompey defeats pirates | |
| 63 BC | Consulship of Cicero, who crushes the conspiracy of Catiline | Pompey ends the Mithridatic War. New provinces organized: Cilicia, Bithynia with Pontus, Syria, and Crete |
| 60 BC | Union of Pompey, Caesar and Crassus, the "First Triumvirate" | |
| 59 BC | Consulship of Caesar, and grant of the province of Gaul | |
| 58 BC | Bansihment of Cicero | Caesar defeats the Helvetians |
| 57 BC | Recall of Cicero | Caesar defeats the Nervii |
| 56 BC | Renewal of the "Triumvirate" at Lucca | Caesar defeats the Veneti by sea |
| 55 BC | Dedication of Theatre of Pompey | Caesar invades Britain |
| 54 BC | Second invasion of Britain | |
| 53 BC | Defeat of Crassus by the Parthians. Caesar subdues the Treveri and crosses the Rhine | |
| 52 BC | Senate-house burnt in a riot. Pompey passes laws against Caesar | Great revolt of Gaul under Vercingetorix crushed at Alesia |
| 51 BC | Final subjugation of Gaul. Cicero governor of Cilicia | |
| 49 BC | Caesar begins Civil War | |
| 48 BC | Battle of Pharsalus, defeat of Pompey | Caesar regulates Egypt, leaving Cleopatra as queen |
| 46 BC | Final defeat of Pompey's sons at Thapsus in Africa. Caesar dicator. Dedication of new Forum Julium, and Temple of Venus Genetrix | |
| 45 BC | Caesar enlarges the senate and regulates the municipal constitutions of the Italian towns | |
| 44 BC | Assassination of Caesar. M. Antonius in command of Rome. Cicero's Philippics | |
| 43 BC | Octavian, Caesar's heir, with the consuls defeat Antony at Mutina and is elected consul. "Second Triumvirate" formed, Antony, Octavian and Lepidus. Proscription of the tyrannicide party, including Cicero | |
| 42 BC | Battle of Philippi. Defeat of Brutus and Cassius. Temple of Saturn rebuilt | |
| 41 BC | War at Perusia, in which Octavian crushes the revolt of L. Antonius | M Antonius with Cleopatra in Egypt |
| 37 BC | Library of Polloi founded. Octavian marries Livia | |
| 36 BC | Sextus Pompey defeated. Lepidus deprived of his land army | Antony defeated in Parthia |
| 31 BC | Defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium by Octavian | |
| 29 BC | Triumph of Caesar Octavianus | Conquest of Egypt |
| 28 BC | Census and restoration of senate. Dedication of temple and library of Palatine Apollo; eighty-two temples restored | Moesia made a province |
| 27 BC | "Restoration of the Republic", really the beginning of the Empire. Octavian receives the tile of Augustus. Pantheon of M. Agrippa built | Provinces divided between Augustus and senate. Augustus takes Spain, Gual, Syria and keeps Egypt |
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